The story of J. Hugh Hammond and his journey from grave robber to one of Ontario's first archaeologists is a fascinating tale of transformation and the evolution of a field. It raises important questions about the ethics of archaeology and the complex relationship between historical research and cultural sensitivity.
The Early Years: A Teenager's Indulgence
As a teenager in the 1870s, Hugh Hammond, with the influence of his questionable-moraled father, indulged in a practice that, from our modern perspective, is appalling. He sold ancient artifacts, including bones from Indigenous graves, to locals. This was a time when Indigenous burial grounds were frequently ransacked, and Hammond was just one of many who contributed to this desecration.
A Shift in Perspective
What makes this particularly intriguing is Hammond's later transformation. He became a passionate protector of Indigenous burial sites, attempting to atone for his youthful recklessness. This shift in perspective is a powerful reminder of the potential for growth and change within individuals. It also highlights the evolving nature of archaeology as a field, moving from mere relic hunting to a more respectful and scientific approach.
The Emergence of Professional Archaeology
David Boyle, a bookseller-turned-archaeologist, played a pivotal role in establishing archaeology as a professional field in Ontario. Through his intensive studies and excavations, he became recognized as an expert, conducting 'first-rate work' in the late 19th century. Boyle's contributions were multi-faceted: he created a museum, published an academic journal, and offered educational courses, all of which fostered the development of archaeology.
Hammond's Second Act: A 'Reformed' Pirate
Hammond's re-entry into the field, fueled by Boyle's course, marked a new chapter in his life. He, along with a small group of men, including the meticulous Andrew Hunter, embarked on a journey to document Indigenous history scientifically. Their methods, though groundbreaking, were not without controversy. Hammond, with his pirate-like attitude, continued to bribe farmers to gain access to sites, blurring the lines between scientific research and grave robbing.
The Impact and Legacy
Despite the ethical complexities, the work of Hammond and Hunter had a profound impact. They meticulously documented over 600 Indigenous sites in north Simcoe County, providing a comprehensive timeline of Indigenous settlement in the region. Their efforts, though part-time, were described as 'heroic' and are considered the most comprehensive survey of its kind in North America. This legacy is a testament to the power of scientific study and its ability to unlock historical mysteries.
Conclusion: A Thought-Provoking Journey
The story of J. Hugh Hammond is a thought-provoking journey through the early days of archaeology. It showcases the field's evolution, the complex relationship between science and ethics, and the potential for personal transformation. As we reflect on this history, we are reminded of the importance of cultural sensitivity and the ongoing debate over the boundaries of acceptable practice in archaeology. This story, though set in the past, continues to resonate and provoke discussion in the present.
